What is a Photovoltaic Micro-Installation?
Photovoltaics (PV) is a system that enables the generation of electricity from solar energy. A photovoltaic micro-installation is an installation with an installed electrical capacity not exceeding 50 kW, primarily used to meet the energy needs of the owner. According to regulations, the nominal voltage of the installation must not exceed 110 kV.
Photovoltaic micro-installations are most commonly mounted on residential building roofs, on the ground, or on small business premises. Most of the generated energy is used within the building, and any surplus can be fed into the power grid or stored in batteries.
How a Photovoltaic Micro-Installation Works
The working principle of a photovoltaic micro-installation is the same as that of larger PV systems. Sunlight hits the cells in the photovoltaic panels, causing electrons to move and generate electricity. The light energy is then converted in the inverter from direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC). The converted electrical energy powers the devices in the building, and any surplus can be fed into the power grid or stored for later use.
Main Components of a Photovoltaic Micro-Installation:
- Photovoltaic Panels – absorb solar energy and convert it into electrical energy. They are made from silicon cells that generate direct current (DC).
- Inverter (Converter) – converts direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC) used by standard electrical appliances.
- Mounting System – support structures that enable the proper mounting of the panels on the roof or the ground.
- Cabling – connects the panels to the inverter and the rest of the building’s electrical system.
- Energy Storage (Optional) – allows the surplus energy to be stored for later use.
Advantages and Benefits of Photovoltaic Micro-Installations
Savings on Electricity Bills
Photovoltaic micro-installations significantly reduce electricity costs. Since solar energy is free, investors can expect to reduce their electricity expenses by up to 70-80% in the long term.
Environmental Protection
Photovoltaic micro-installations help reduce CO₂ emissions, positively impacting the environment and contributing to the fight against climate change.
Increased Property Value
Properties equipped with photovoltaic installations increase in value. Buyers are increasingly interested in eco-friendly solutions, making a photovoltaic installation an additional selling point.
Photovoltaic Subsidies
Subsidies for PV micro-installations are available through programs like “Mój Prąd 5.0” (“My Electricity 5.0”), which offers up to 7,000 PLN in support for prosumers. Additionally, the thermomodernization tax relief allows part of the installation costs to be deducted from taxes. It is worth checking the availability of other regional programs.
How to Choose the Right Power for a Photovoltaic Micro-Installation
The selection of the appropriate system size depends on:
- Average electricity consumption in the household – consulting with an expert is recommended to select the optimal system size.
- Sunlight exposure – installations in well-sunlit locations can generate more energy.
- Available space – larger roof or ground areas allow for the installation of more panels.
Cost of a Photovoltaic Micro-Installation – Investment
The cost of the installation depends on the system’s power, components, and installation method. For single-family homes with a capacity of 2-10 kW, prices typically range from 15,000 to 40,000 PLN. For larger installations, the costs can exceed 100,000 PLN.
To estimate the exact cost, it is advisable to use a photovoltaic calculator, which can estimate the required capacity and potential savings based on your electricity bills.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Does photovoltaics work on cloudy days?
Yes, photovoltaic installations generate energy even on cloudy days, although at reduced efficiency.
How long does the installation process take?
A standard installation takes 1 to 3 days, depending on the size of the system and technical conditions.
What is the return on investment time?
The average payback period is 6-8 years, depending on installation costs, savings on bills, and available subsidies.
Summary
A typical household PV micro-installation has a power capacity of 3-6 kW, which covers the average annual energy consumption of 3-5 MWh. Thanks to savings on electricity bills and financial support, the payback period is typically 6-8 years. Photovoltaic micro-installations offer not only financial benefits but also contribute to environmental protection.
