Ground-mounted photovoltaic (PV) systems attract the attention of investors due to the numerous benefits they offer compared to rooftop installations. However, the choice of the appropriate type of installation depends on many factors, such as available space, energy needs, budget, and surrounding aesthetics. In this article, we discuss the pros and cons of ground-mounted PV installations, considering both technical and practical aspects.
What is Ground-Mounted Photovoltaics?
Ground-mounted photovoltaics refers to a type of PV installation where the solar modules are mounted on special structures placed directly on the ground instead of rooftops. These installations are distinguished by their design flexibility and adaptability to almost any surface.
The panels in ground-mounted systems are secured on mounting structures, typically made of aluminum or steel, which provide stability and the correct tilt angle of the PV modules relative to the sun. This ensures maximum solar energy capture by adapting the installation to local conditions such as latitude, sun angle, and shading.
Ground-mounted PV installations are used not only in single-family homes but also in industrial and agricultural settings. Large-scale solar farms based on ground-mounted structures can supply electricity to entire neighborhoods, factories, or other facilities requiring large amounts of energy. Thanks to their versatility and efficiency, ground-mounted systems are a popular choice among investors looking to harness renewable energy.
Advantages of Ground-Mounted PV Installations
Flexibility in Design and Installation
Ground-mounted PV systems enable optimal positioning of the panels in relation to the sun’s direction and angle of incidence. This can significantly increase the system’s overall efficiency—something that is often difficult to achieve with rooftop installations due to technical limitations.
No Impact on Building Structure
Rooftop PV systems can be problematic, especially if the building has limited load-bearing capacity—common with ballast systems—or if the roof has a complex layout that hinders the correct orientation of PV modules. Additionally, roofs with delicate coverings such as ceramic tiles or membranes, or buildings with historical preservation constraints, may limit the feasibility of rooftop installations. Ground-mounted PV systems eliminate these issues.
Easy Access for Maintenance
Ground-mounted PV panels are much easier to maintain and service compared to rooftop panels. Cleaning, component replacement, or technical inspections generally do not require specialized equipment, which reduces operating costs.
Easy System Expansion
Ground-mounted systems allow for easy expansion as energy demand increases. In contrast, rooftop systems are often limited by the available roof space, which may prevent increasing the installation’s capacity.
Improved Heat Dissipation
Ground-mounted panels benefit from better cooling due to the increased space around the modules. A lower operating temperature improves the efficiency of PV modules, as overheating reduces energy production. Rooftop installations are less effective at dissipating heat because of their proximity to the roof surface, which tends to accumulate heat.
No Space Constraints from the Roof
Ground-mounted systems can be planned freely, with the panel layout tailored to energy needs. Rooftops often have limited space, which can prevent installing a system with sufficient capacity, especially in buildings with high energy demand.
Advanced Technology Implementation
Ground-mounted PV systems allow for the use of modern solutions such as tracking systems that automatically adjust the position of the panels to follow the sun’s movement throughout the day. These systems significantly increase energy output and are almost impossible to implement in rooftop installations.
Disadvantages of Ground-Mounted PV Installations
Requires Significant Space
One of the main limitations of ground-mounted PV systems is the need for a large area. This can be problematic for small plots of land or areas designated for other uses, such as agriculture.
Higher Susceptibility to Damage
Ground-mounted panels are more prone to mechanical damage caused by animals, vandalism, or agricultural machinery. In contrast, rooftop installations are far less vulnerable to such incidents.
Ground Preparation Costs
In some cases, ground-mounted PV installations require additional land preparation, such as leveling, soil compaction, or building foundations. In areas with uneven terrain or difficult soil conditions, installation costs can increase significantly, and the project timeline may be extended.
Impact on Surrounding Aesthetics
In some locations, large PV structures may be perceived as visually unappealing. Aesthetics is often an important consideration for property owners. In such cases, landscaping around the PV installation (e.g., planting vegetation to reduce visibility) can help integrate the system into the surroundings while avoiding shading. However, this can increase installation costs.
Vegetation Growth Affecting Efficiency
Grass and other plants growing around or under the panels can cause shading, which reduces their efficiency. This issue is particularly significant during periods of rapid plant growth, such as spring and summer. Regular mowing or vegetation removal is necessary, adding to maintenance costs and effort. Preventative measures, such as using geotextile fabric or strategic landscaping, can mitigate this issue but may require additional investment.
Contamination and Dirt Accumulation
Ground-mounted PV panels are more exposed to contamination from dust, dirt, mud, or residue from nearby roads, farmlands, or industrial facilities. Such contaminants can block sunlight from reaching the panels, leading to reduced efficiency. As a result, regular cleaning becomes necessary, incurring additional costs and effort. This issue is particularly problematic during dry periods or in dusty regions where panels may require more frequent maintenance.
Longer Cable Runs
Ground-mounted installations often require longer cable runs to connect the panels to the inverter and the building’s electrical system. This can lead to higher energy transmission losses, especially if cables with inappropriate resistance levels are used. Longer cable runs also increase material and labor costs and require proper protection of the cables against mechanical damage and rodents.
